Aluminum And Phosphorus Ionic Compound

Aluminium phosphide
Names

Other names Aluminum phosphide Aluminium(III) phosphide Aluminium monophosphide Phostoxin Fumitoxin
Identifiers
CAS Number	20859-73-eight ^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	28171 ^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.040.065
EC Number	244-088-0
PubChem CID	30332
RTECS number	BD1400000
UNII	E23DR6L59S ^Y
UN number	1397 3048
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1023867
InChI InChI=1S/Al.P^Y Fundamental: PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-UHFFFAOYSA-North^Y InChI=1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 Key: PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR
SMILES [PH+]12[Al-][PH+]3[Al-][PH+]([AlH-]xiv)[AlH-]i[P+]5([AlH-]38)[Al-]26[PH+]2[AlH-]([P+]4)[PH+]1[Al-][PH+]three[AlH-]2[P+][AlH-]([PH+]6[AlH-]([PH+])[PH+]68)[PH+]([Al-]6)[AlH-]35
Backdrop
Chemical formula	Al P
Tooth mass	57.9552 g/mol
Appearance	Yellow or gray crystals
Odor	garlic-like
Density	ii.85 g/cm^three
Melting point	ii,530 °C (4,590 °F; two,800 Chiliad)
Solubility in h2o	reacts
Ring gap	2.five eV (indirect)^[1]
Refractive index (n _D)	2.75 (IR), ~3 (Vis) ^[1]
Structure
Crystal structure	Zincblende
Space group	T² _d-Ffour3m
Lattice constant	a = 546.35 pm
Coordination geometry	Tetrahedral
Thermochemistry
Std tooth entropy (S ^⦵ ₂₉₈)	47.iii J/mol One thousand
Std enthalpy of formation (Δ_f H ^⦵ ₂₉₈)	-164.4 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H260, H300, H311, H330, H400
Precautionary statements	P223, P231+P232, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P335+P334, P361, P363, P370+P378, P391, P402+P404, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 1 ii W
Wink indicate	> 800 °C (1,470 °F; ane,070 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD₅₀ (median dose)	xi.5 mg/kg
Prophylactic data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Yverify (what is^{Y North} ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Aluminium phosphide is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemic formula AlP, used as a broad band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a gray-light-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation.

Backdrop [edit]

AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and accept a zincblende crystal structure^[2] with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K.^[3] They are thermodynamically stable up to ane,000 °C (1,830 °F).^[4]

Aluminium phosphide reacts with water or acids to release phosphine:^[5]

AlP + iii H₂O → Al(OH)_iii + PH₃

AlP + 3 H⁺ → Al³⁺ + PH₃

Preparation [edit]

AlP is synthesized past combination of the elements:^[iv] ^[six]

4Al + P_four → 4AlP

Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic phosphine gas. Phosphine also poses burn hazards, equally information technology is a unsafe pyrophoric compound, igniting hands in air.

Uses [edit]

Pesticide [edit]

AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to impale small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.

AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. Equally a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide. In this application, aluminium phosphide tin can be encountered under various make names, eastward.g. Quickphos, Celphos, Fostox, Fumitoxin, Phostek, Phostoxin, Talunex, Fieldphos, and Weevil-Cide. It generates phosphine gas according to the following hydrolysis equation.^[6]

2 AlP + 6 H₂O → Al₂O_iii∙3 H₂O + 2 PH₃

It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such every bit in ships, shipping, and grain silos. All of these structures can be finer sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes. Fumigants are also applied straight to rodent burrows.^[seven]

Semiconductor applications [edit]

Industrially, AlP is a semiconductor material that is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes (eastward.g. aluminium gallium indium phosphide).^[viii]

Toxicology [edit]

Highly poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.^[9] Fumigation has also acquired unintentional deaths.^[10] ^[eleven] ^[12] Known every bit "rice tablet" in Iran, for its employ to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. In that location is a campaign by the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.^[xiii] ^[fourteen]

Recycling of used aluminium phosphide containers caused the decease of three family members in Alcalá de Guadaira, Kingdom of spain. They had been keeping them in plastic sacks in their bath. The deaths occurred accidentally due to aluminium phosphide reacting with h2o or wet, and becoming phosphine, leading to their death within hours.^[15]

Aluminium phosphide poisoning is considered a wide-scale problem in the Indian subcontinent.^[16] ^[17]

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b Berger, Fifty. I. (1996). Semiconductor Materials . CRC Press. pp. 125. ISBN0-8493-8912-7.
^ Van Zeghbroeck; B. J. (1997). "Bravais Lattices; Zincblende Lattice". University of Colorado.
^ "Lattice Constants". SiliconFarEast.com. 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b White, W. E.; Bushey, A. H.; Holtzclaw, H. F.; Hengeveld, F. W. (1953). Bailar, J. C. (ed.). Aluminum Phosphide. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 23–25. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch7. ISBN978-0-470-13235-seven.
^ Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated past Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN0-12-352651-5
^ ^a ^b White, West. E.; Bushey, A. H. (1944). "Aluminum Phosphide – Preparation and Composition". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 66 (10): 1666. doi:x.1021/ja01238a018.
^ Buckle, A. "Rodenticides". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_211.
^ Corbridge, D. Eastward. C. (1995). Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology (5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN0-444-89307-v.
^ "Millionaire's death sparks poison scare". BBC News. 2002-10-10. Retrieved 2009-04-05 .
^ "Fumes impale 2 Danes in Jeddah". BBC News. 2009-02-24. Archived from the original on 25 Feb 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-25 .
^ "Family loses 2d kid in suspected pesticide poisoning". KSL-TV. 2010-02-09. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010.
^ "iv children dead in Texas in pesticide spraying incident". CBS News. 2017-01-02.
^ Shadnia, Due south.; Sasanian, G.; Allami, P.; Hosseini, A.; Ranjbar, A.; Amini-Shirazi, Due north.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "A Retrospective 7-Years Written report of Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning in Tehran: Opportunities for Prevention". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 28 (4): 209–213. doi:10.1177/0960327108097194. PMID 19734272. S2CID 38361878.
^ Mehrpour, O.; Singh, Due south. (2010). "Rice Tablet Poisoning: A Major Concern in Iranian Population". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 29 (8): 701–702. doi:ten.1177/0960327109359643. PMID 20097728. S2CID 37380994.
^ "La familia de Alcalá de Guadaira murió tras inhalar plaguicida". La Vanguardia. Agencia EFE. three Feb 2014. Retrieved iii February 2014.
^ Siwach, SB; Gupta, A (1995). "The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana-Rohtak Report". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 43 (11): 756–9. PMID 8773034.
^ Singh, D; Jit, I; Tyagi, Southward (1999). "Changing trends in astute poisoning in Chandigarh zone: A 25-year autopsy experience from a tertiary care infirmary in northern Republic of india". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. twenty (two): 203–ten. doi:10.1097/00000433-199906000-00019. PMID 10414665.